Dated events from published cases, in chronological order. Dates keep their real precision; a period filter includes any event whose date range overlaps it.
61 events.
· Conflict episode
The Mau Mau, mainly Kikuyu fighters seeking the return of land and self-rule, waged an armed uprising against British colonial rule from 1952 to 1960, met with a declared state of emergency, mass detentions, and a disputed casualty toll far higher than the official figure.
In: Kenya
· Conflict episode
A second, longer conflict between North and South Vietnam, with United States military involvement from the early 1960s, ended with the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
In: Vietnam
· Other
The founding of the BRN marked the start of organised modern Patani separatism.
In: Patani
· Conflict episode
Within days of independence, a Force Publique mutiny and the secessions of Katanga and South Kasai plunged the new state into crisis; the Congo Crisis lasted until Joseph Mobutu's coup on 25 November 1965 and is estimated to have caused roughly 100,000 deaths.
· Declaration
Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic was altered to that of a fully independent and sovereign state on 26 June 1960, proclaimed at the municipal stadium of Mahamasina under President Philibert Tsiranana, following negotiations and agreements with France.
In: Madagascar
· Declaration
Belgium transferred sovereignty over the Belgian Congo at a ceremony in Léopoldville on 30 June 1960, with Joseph Kasa-Vubu as President and Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister of the newly independent Republic of the Congo.
· Agreement
Following the Zurich and London Agreements, the Cyprus Act, 1960 provided for an independent Republic of Cyprus, established on 16 August 1960 when the agreements' treaties took effect in Nicosia, with the United Kingdom retaining sovereignty over two Sovereign Base Areas.
In: Cyprus
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended the Republic of the Congo's admission to the United Nations on 7 July 1960, and the General Assembly admitted it on 20 September 1960.
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended the Republic of Cyprus's admission to the United Nations on 24 August 1960, and the General Assembly admitted it on 20 September 1960.
In: Cyprus
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended the Malagasy Republic's admission to the United Nations on 29 June 1960, and the General Assembly admitted it on 20 September 1960.
In: Madagascar
· International resolution
The UN General Assembly urged Austria and Italy to resume negotiations over the unimplemented Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement, after years of unrest in South Tyrol.
In: South Tyrol
· Conflict episode
Nationalist uprisings in 1961, including attacks by the MPLA and the UPA (a forerunner of the FNLA), opened a thirteen-year war of independence against Portuguese colonial rule.
In: Angola
· Other
CIA-recruited Hmong fighters engaged in a covert conflict in Laos, later facing persecution after the war's end.
· Conflict episode
Patrice Lumumba, the Congo's first Prime Minister, was transferred to Katanga on 17 January 1961 and killed the same day; a 2001 Belgian parliamentary commission of inquiry found that Belgian authorities bore "moral responsibility" for failing to prevent the killing, and Belgium's Foreign Minister apologised in February 2002.
· Other
The KIA formed in response to a military coup seeking to consolidate central control over Burma's ethnic periphery.
· Other
The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), founded 1960, launched the armed independence struggle against Ethiopian rule under Hamid Idris Awate; the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) split from the ELF in 1970 and later became the dominant nationalist force.
In: Eritrea
· Referendum or popular consultation
A referendum on 19 September 1961 asked Jamaican voters whether the country should remain in the West Indies Federation; 54.11% voted against, leading to Jamaica's withdrawal and the Federation's dissolution the following year.
In: Jamaica
· Organisation founded
A regionalist party advocating federalism and language protection for Friesland was founded, becoming the movement's leading electoral vehicle.
· Other
Roughly 800,000 French settlers fled to France, while French-sourced estimates put harki deaths at over 60,000.
In: Algeria
· Conflict episode
Ethnic and political violence in 1962, 1963 and 1964, amid Cold War-era efforts to destabilise the PPP government, killed a combined total of roughly 195 people and injured well over a thousand.
In: Guyana
· Declaration
Western Samoa became independent from New Zealand on 1 January 1962 under the Independent State of Western Samoa Act, 1961, following a UN-requested plebiscite and a UN General Assembly vote to end the trusteeship, becoming the first Pacific island state to gain independence.
In: Samoa
· Agreement
France and the Algerian Provisional Government signed the Évian Accords, ending the Algerian War of Independence and providing for a ceasefire and a self-determination referendum.
In: Algeria
· Referendum or popular consultation
Algerians voted on 1 July 1962 on whether Algeria should become an independent state co-operating with France under the terms of the Évian Accords; 99.72% of votes cast were for independence.
In: Algeria
· Declaration
France declared Algerian independence on 3 July 1962, two days after the self-determination referendum.
In: Algeria
· Agreement
Signed 1 August 1962, the Treaty of Friendship provided that New Zealand would, when requested, act as Samoa's diplomatic channel of communication with other governments and international organisations, without impairing Samoa's right to formulate its own foreign policy.
In: Samoa
· Declaration
The Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 ended British responsibility for the government of Jamaica with effect from 6 August 1962.
In: Jamaica
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended Jamaica's admission to the United Nations on 12 September 1962, and the General Assembly admitted it on 18 September 1962.
In: Jamaica
· Recognition
Following the Security Council's recommendation, the General Assembly admitted the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria as a member of the United Nations.
In: Algeria
· Other
Three Cabindan nationalist organisations merged to form FLEC.
In: Cabinda
· Conflict episode
The PAIGC began an armed insurgency against Portuguese colonial rule in 1963, a war that lasted until the 1974 Algiers Accord.
In: Guinea-Bissau
· Election
In the May 1963 general election, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), led by Jomo Kenyatta, won 83 of 124 House of Representatives seats, forming the Madaraka self-government administration from 1 June 1963 ahead of full independence.
In: Kenya
· Agreement
A constitutional conference held in London in July 1963, led for Malta by Premier George Borg Olivier, agreed that Britain would grant Malta independence, though disagreements over the constitution's terms continued into 1964.
In: Malta
· Other
The Yolngu people presented bark petitions to Parliament, the first Aboriginal use of Westminster parliamentary forms.
· Declaration
The Kenya Independence Act, 1963 ended British responsibility for the government of Kenya with effect from 12 December 1963.
In: Kenya
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended Kenya's admission to the United Nations on 16 December 1963, four days after independence, and the General Assembly admitted it the same day.
In: Kenya
· Other
Antonio Cubillo founded the principal organisation seeking Canarian independence from Spain.
· Conflict episode
FRELIMO launched an armed insurgency against Portuguese colonial rule in September 1964, beginning a ten-year war of independence.
In: Mozambique
· Organisation founded
A party proposing legislative autonomy for a reunified Brittany within a federal France was founded, becoming a lasting force in Breton regionalist politics.
In: Brittany
· Agreement
Following a revolution, Zanzibar united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania under a semi-autonomous arrangement.
· Agreement
A treaty guaranteed Barotseland autonomy within the newly independent Zambia.
In: Barotseland
· Other
The Palestine Liberation Organization was established as the umbrella political representative of the Palestinian people.
· Declaration
The Malta Independence Act, 1964 ended British responsibility for the government of Malta from a day appointed by Order in Council, which was set as 21 September 1964.
In: Malta
· Recognition
The Security Council unanimously recommended Malta's admission to the United Nations on 30 October 1964, and the General Assembly admitted it by decision on 1 December 1964.
In: Malta
· Constitutional change
The Cook Islands became self-governing in free association with New Zealand.
· Administrative change
Ahead of Mauritian independence, the United Kingdom excised the Chagos Archipelago from the Colony of Mauritius to create the British Indian Ocean Territory, and later relocated the Chagossian population.
In: Mauritius
· Conflict episode
SWAPO's armed wing began an insurgency against South African rule in 1966, opening a war that continued until the 1988 tripartite agreement and 1989 settlement implementation.
In: Namibia
· Conflict episode
ZANU (led by Robert Mugabe, armed wing ZANLA) and ZAPU (led by Joshua Nkomo, armed wing ZIPRA) waged a guerrilla war against the white-minority Rhodesian government following the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence.
In: Zimbabwe
· Declaration
The MNF launched an armed uprising and declared independence from India, beginning a two-decade insurgency.
· Other
The Indian Air Force bombed Aizawl to relieve a besieged garrison, in the only instance of India bombing its own citizens within its own territory.
· Other
Following the RMS president's execution, supporters proclaimed a government-in-exile in the Netherlands, which continues today.
In: South Moluccas