Independence movements

History of Catalan self-government and the independence movement

From the medieval Corts and the Nueva Planta decree to restored autonomy, the 2006 Statute dispute, the 2014 and 2017 votes, and the court cases and amnesty that followed.

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Early institutions and the Nueva Planta

The Parliament of Catalonia traces its predecessors to the medieval Corts, which it describes as developing a pact-based system from 1283 in which laws required agreement between the sovereign and the estates.[1] The same account stresses the Corts’ limits: they represented only three estates and cannot be judged by the standards of modern democracy.[2] The Diputació del General, or Generalitat, grew out of the Corts in the fourteenth century and later acted as the Principality’s government.[3]

Catalonia backed Archduke Charles of Austria in the War of the Spanish Succession. After Barcelona fell on 11 September 1714, Philip V abolished Catalan public law and its institutions; the Nueva Planta decree of 1716 placed the Principality under an absolutist administration.[4][5]

Autonomy, republic and dictatorship, 1914–1975

The Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914–1925) was a first step towards renewed self-government, abolished under Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship.[6] Under the Second Republic a provisional Generalitat formed in 1931 and a Statute of Autonomy was approved in 1932; the Parliament of Catalonia was first elected on 20 November that year.[7][8]

The Parliament was suspended from 1934 to 1936 and abolished with the other Generalitat institutions in 1939, when the revolt against the Republic triumphed. Under Franco’s dictatorship, the Parliament’s history records, Catalan aspirations to self-government were thwarted.[8][9]

Restoration within democratic Spain

During the transition to democracy a decree-law of September 1977 provisionally re-established the Generalitat, and its president in exile, Josep Tarradellas, returned.[10][9] The 1978 Constitution grounded itself in the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation while recognising the right to autonomy of its nationalities and regions.[11]

The 1979 Statute made Catalonia, “as a nationality”, an autonomous community, and the restored Parliament was first elected on 20 March 1980.[12][13] Under the Constitution, referendums require State authorisation.[14]

The 2006 Statute and the 2010 ruling

A new Statute, agreed by the Parliament of Catalonia and the Spanish Cortes, was ratified by Catalan voters on 18 June 2006.[15] Its preamble recorded that the Parliament had defined Catalonia as a nation, while its articles described Catalonia as a nationality and made Catalan official alongside Castilian.[16][17]

On a challenge by People’s Party deputies, the Constitutional Court ruled in June 2010 that the preamble’s references to Catalonia as a nation have no interpretative legal effect. It annulled several provisions, including the description of Catalan as the “preferred” language, and required others to be read in its terms.[18][19]

The 2014 consultation

The Catalan government then sought a vote on Catalonia’s political future. The consultation planned for 9 November 2014 asked whether Catalonia should become a state and, if so, whether that state should be independent.[20]

After the Spanish government challenged it, the vote was recast as a volunteer-run “participation process”, which was also suspended but went ahead. Reference sources record 2,305,290 participants, of whom 80.76% chose Yes-Yes.[21][22] In 2015 the Constitutional Court declared the Generalitat’s actions in calling it unconstitutional.[23]

The 2017 referendum

In September 2017 the Parliament of Catalonia passed Law 19/2017, calling a referendum on whether Catalonia should be an independent republic. The law declared the result binding and required a declaration of independence within two days if Yes won.[24][25] The Constitutional Court suspended the law on 7 September, when it admitted the Spanish government’s challenge.[26]

The vote took place on 1 October. The Catalan government reported 2,044,038 Yes votes (90.18%) out of 2,286,217 counted, on a participation of 43.03%, and said police had closed polling stations representing up to 770,000 voters.[27][28]

On 17 October the Constitutional Court declared Law 19/2017 unconstitutional and void, holding that the referendum could not be considered to have been held in law.[29] The reported result and its legal status therefore have to be read together: the figures describe the vote the Catalan government organised, not a result recognised under Spanish law.

Declaration and article 155

On 27 October 2017 the Parliament of Catalonia approved resolutions titled “Declaration of the representatives of Catalonia” and “Constituent process”. The Senate the same day approved, by absolute majority, the Spanish government’s measures under article 155 of the Constitution, which allows the State to compel an autonomous community to meet its constitutional obligations.[30][31][32]

A royal decree dissolved the Parliament and called elections for 21 December 2017, and on 31 October the Constitutional Court suspended the resolutions and warned officials not to give legal value to the declaration of independence.[33][30]

· Constitutional change

Application of article 155 in Catalonia, 2017

The Senate authorised direct measures under article 155; the Spanish government dissolved the Parliament of Catalonia and called elections, and the Constitutional Court suspended the Parliament’s declaration.

Prosecutions, pardons and amnesty

In October 2019 the Supreme Court convicted leaders of the 2017 process; the former vice-president Oriol Junqueras received 13 years in prison for sedition combined with aggravated misuse of public funds.[34] In June 2021 the Spanish government granted partial pardons for the outstanding prison terms, conditional on no further serious offences, which left the disqualification penalties in place.[35]

A 2022 reform repealed the crime of sedition. Revising the sentences in February 2023, the Supreme Court kept disqualification for misuse of funds for four of those convicted and warned that the reform left non-violent secession processes unpunished.[36][37]

The amnesty law of June 2024 covers acts linked to the 2014 and 2017 votes and the wider independence process between November 2011 and November 2023.[38] The Constitutional Court upheld most of it in June 2025, with several judges dissenting, and in July 2026 the EU Court of Justice found it compatible with EU law.[39][40] Its application to leaders such as Carles Puigdemont on the misuse-of-funds charges was still pending in September 2026.[41]

Recent political position

Catalonia has been led since August 2024 by Salvador Illa of the Socialists’ Party of Catalonia, invested with the votes of his party, ERC and the Comuns; Junts, the PP, Vox, the CUP and Aliança Catalana voted against.[42] His predecessors since 2010 were Artur Mas, Carles Puigdemont, Quim Torra and Pere Aragonès.[43]

Support for independence has not disappeared. The Catalan government’s opinion centre found 45% in favour and 51% against in July 2026, and independence organisations called demonstrations in Barcelona, Girona and Amposta for 11 September 2026, the Barcelona march timed to begin at 17.14 in memory of 1714.[44][45]

How the case is interpreted

The case rests on competing constitutional claims. Catalan institutions describe a long history of self-government and define Catalonia as a nation, while the Spanish Constitution and its Court treat the Spanish Nation as the sole holder of sovereignty and require State authorisation for referendums.[16][18][11][14]

Readings of the 2017 events differ sharply as a result. Catalan authorities presented a vote and a mandate; Spain’s courts treated the law, the vote and the declaration as legally void, and later legislation and judgments shifted from criminal punishment to pardons and amnesty.[27][29][35][38]

Sources for this page

Each number marks a specific claim. Notes give the source, its locator and how it relates to the claim.

  1. 1.

    Claim: The Parliament of Catalonia describes the Corts of Barcelona of 1283 as establishing a system in which laws were valid only by agreement between the sovereign and the estates of the land. Attributed to Parlament de Catalunya

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Corts Generals de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, fourth paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  2. 2.

    Claim: The Catalan Corts were made up of three estates (military, ecclesiastical and royal) and excluded large parts of the population, so they cannot be treated as democratic in the modern sense.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Corts Generals de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, fifth paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  3. 3.

    Claim: The Diputació del General, or Generalitat, was created under Peter III (1336–1387) to collect the subsidy the Corts granted the king, and later acted as the government of the Principality.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Corts Generals de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, paragraph on Pere III el Cerimoniós. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  4. 4.

    Claim: Catalonia recognised Archduke Charles of Austria as king in the War of the Spanish Succession; after Barcelona fell on 11 September 1714, Philip V abolished Catalan public law and its institutions, beginning with the Corts, through the Nueva Planta decree.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Corts Generals de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, paragraph on Felip V. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
    • Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Decret de Nova Planta (16 de gener de 1716) (Ministerio de Cultura (Spain)) link, introduction. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  5. 5.

    Claim: The Nueva Planta decree for the Royal Audiencia of Catalonia was issued by royal cédula on 16 January 1716 and introduced an absolutist administrative model under the Captain General.

    • Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Decret de Nova Planta (16 de gener de 1716) (Ministerio de Cultura (Spain)) link, introduction. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  6. 6.

    Claim: The Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914–1925) was a first institutional step towards self-government and was abolished under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, first paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  7. 7.

    Claim: After a provisional Catalan government took the name Generalitat in 1931, a Statute of Autonomy endorsed by a plebiscite in Catalonia was approved by the Cortes of the Republic in 1932.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, first paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  8. 8.

    Claim: The first elections to the Parliament of Catalonia were held on 20 November 1932 and it first met on 6 December 1932; it was suspended in 1934–1936 and abolished with the other Generalitat institutions in 1939.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, second paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  9. 9.

    Claim: During the Franco dictatorship (1939–1975) Catalan aspirations to self-government were thwarted; the Generalitat was provisionally restored in 1977 with the return of its president in exile, Josep Tarradellas.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, third paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  10. 10.

    Claim: A decree-law of 29 September 1977 provisionally re-established the Generalitat of Catalonia, describing it as a centuries-old institution in which the Catalan people had seen a symbol of their historical personality within the unity of Spain.

    • Real Decreto-ley 41/1977, de 29 de septiembre, sobre restablecimiento provisional de la Generalidad de Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 5 October 1977) link, preamble and article 1. Source record
  11. 11.

    Claim: Article 2 of the Spanish Constitution grounds the Constitution in the “indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation” while recognising the right to autonomy of its nationalities and regions.

    • Constitución Española (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 29 December 1978) link, art. 2. Source record
  12. 12.

    Claim: The 1979 Statute of Autonomy constituted Catalonia, “as a nationality”, as an autonomous community under the 1978 Constitution.

    • Ley Orgánica 4/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 22 December 1979) link, art. 1.1. Source record
  13. 13.

    Claim: The first elections to the restored Parliament of Catalonia took place on 20 March 1980.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, third paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  14. 14.

    Claim: Consultative referendums on political decisions of special importance are called by the King on the proposal of the Prime Minister, authorised by the Congress, and the State has exclusive competence to authorise referendums.

    • Constitución Española (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 29 December 1978) link, arts. 92 and 149.1.32ª. Source record
  15. 15.

    Claim: A new Statute approved by the Parliament of Catalonia and the Cortes Generales was ratified by referendum in Catalonia on 18 June 2006 and entered into force on 9 August 2006.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament de Catalunya (Parlament de Catalunya) link, fourth paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
    • Ley Orgánica 6/2006, de 19 de julio, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 20 July 2006) link, enacting formula. Source record
  16. 16.

    Claim: The 2006 Statute’s preamble records that the Parliament of Catalonia had defined Catalonia as a nation, while article 1 describes Catalonia as exercising self-government “as a nationality”.

    • Ley Orgánica 6/2006, de 19 de julio, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 20 July 2006) link, preamble; art. 1. Source record
  17. 17.

    Claim: The Statute makes Catalan the official language of Catalonia alongside Castilian, the official language of the Spanish State.

    • Ley Orgánica 6/2006, de 19 de julio, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 20 July 2006) link, art. 6.2. Source record
  18. 18.

    Claim: Ruling on a challenge by People’s Party deputies, the Constitutional Court held in judgment 31/2010 that the preamble’s references to Catalonia as a nation and to its national reality have no interpretative legal effect.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 31/2010, de 28 de junio de 2010 (Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, Judgment of 28 June 2010; published in the BOE on 16 July 2010) link, Fallo, point 1. Source record
  19. 19.

    Claim: The same judgment annulled several provisions, including the words making Catalan the “preferred” language in article 6.1, and required others to be read as the Court specified.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 31/2010, de 28 de junio de 2010 (Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, Judgment of 28 June 2010; published in the BOE on 16 July 2010) link, Fallo, points 2 and 3. Source record
  20. 20.

    Claim: The 9 November 2014 consultation asked two linked questions: whether Catalonia should become a state and, if so, whether that state should be independent. Attributed to Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana

    • Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, Consulta del 9 de novembre (Enciclopèdia.cat) link, first paragraph. Source record
  21. 21.

    Claim: After the Spanish government challenged the consultation decree and law, the vote was reorganised as a “participation process”; that too was challenged and suspended on 4 November 2014, but went ahead with volunteers. Attributed to Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana

    • Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, Consulta del 9 de novembre (Enciclopèdia.cat) link, second paragraph. Source record
  22. 22.

    Claim: According to the Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2,305,290 people took part and 80.76% chose “Yes-Yes” (a state, and an independent one). Attributed to Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, reporting the organisers’ figures

    • Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, Consulta del 9 de novembre (Enciclopèdia.cat) link, third paragraph. Source record
  23. 23.

    Claim: In judgment 138/2015 the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional the Generalitat’s actions calling the “citizen participation process” of 9 November 2014.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 138/2015, de 11 de junio de 2015 (proceso de participación ciudadana del 9 de noviembre de 2014) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 6 July 2015) link, Fallo. Source record
  24. 24.

    Claim: Law 19/2017, published on 6 September 2017, called a referendum asking whether Catalonia should be an independent state in the form of a republic, set in Catalan, Castilian and Occitan.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Ley 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del referéndum de autodeterminación (Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (via BOE), 6 September 2017) link, arts. 4.2 and 7.1. Source record
  25. 25.

    Claim: The law declared the result binding and provided that, if Yes votes outnumbered No votes, the Parliament would formally declare independence within two days of the official results.

    • Parlament de Catalunya, Ley 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del referéndum de autodeterminación (Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (via BOE), 6 September 2017) link, art. 4.3–4.4. Source record
  26. 26.

    Claim: The Constitutional Court admitted the Spanish government’s challenge on 7 September 2017, which suspended the law from that date.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 114/2017, de 17 de octubre de 2017 (Ley 19/2017 del referéndum de autodeterminación) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 24 October 2017) link, Antecedentes, 2. Source record
  27. 27.

    Claim: The Catalan government reported that 2,286,217 votes were counted, with 2,044,038 (90.18%) for Yes, 177,547 (7.83%) for No and 44,913 blank votes, on a census of 5,313,564 and a participation of 43.03%. Attributed to Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya

    • Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya, El Govern trasllada els resultats definitius del referèndum de l’1 d’octubre al Parlament de Catalunya (Generalitat de Catalunya, 6 October 2017) link, attached “Resultats definitius”, p. 2. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  28. 28.

    Claim: The Catalan government’s results sheet stated that the count covered verified ballots not seized, and that polling stations representing up to 770,000 potential voters had been closed by police. Attributed to Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya

    • Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya, El Govern trasllada els resultats definitius del referèndum de l’1 d’octubre al Parlament de Catalunya (Generalitat de Catalunya, 6 October 2017) link, results documents. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  29. 29.

    Claim: On 17 October 2017 the Constitutional Court declared Law 19/2017 unconstitutional and void, holding that the referendum could not be considered to have been held in law.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 114/2017, de 17 de octubre de 2017 (Ley 19/2017 del referéndum de autodeterminación) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 24 October 2017) link, Fallo; FJ 2. Source record
  30. 30.

    Claim: On 31 October 2017 the Constitutional Court suspended the Parliament’s resolutions of 27 October titled “Declaration of the representatives of Catalonia” and “Constituent process”, and warned officials against giving any legal value to the declaration of independence.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Providencia de 31 de octubre de 2017 sobre las Resoluciones del Parlamento de Cataluña aprobadas en su sesión de 27 de octubre de 2017 (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1 November 2017) link, points 1, 3 and 4. Source record
  31. 31.

    Claim: On 27 October 2017 the Senate approved, by absolute majority, the measures requested by the Spanish government under article 155, citing the extraordinary gravity of the Generalitat institutions’ breach of constitutional obligations.

    • Senado de España, Resolución de 27 de octubre de 2017, de la Presidencia del Senado, por la que se publica el Acuerdo del Pleno del Senado, por el que se aprueban las medidas requeridas por el Gobierno, al amparo del artículo 155 de la Constitución (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 27 October 2017) link, Acuerdo, I–II. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  32. 32.

    Claim: Article 155 allows the Spanish government, with the approval of an absolute majority of the Senate, to take the measures necessary to compel an autonomous community to meet its constitutional obligations.

    • Constitución Española (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 29 December 1978) link, art. 155.1. Source record
  33. 33.

    Claim: A royal decree of 27 October 2017 dissolved the Parliament of Catalonia elected in 2015 and called elections for 21 December 2017.

    • Real Decreto 946/2017, de 27 de octubre, de convocatoria de elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña y de su disolución (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 28 October 2017) link, arts. 1–2. Source record
  34. 34.

    Claim: On 14 October 2019 the Supreme Court convicted former Catalan vice-president Oriol Junqueras of sedition combined with aggravated misuse of public funds, sentencing him to 13 years in prison and 13 years of disqualification.

    • Real Decreto 460/2021, de 22 de junio, por el que se indulta a don Oriol Junqueras i Vies (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 23 June 2021) link, recital. Source record
    • Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya, El Govern trasllada els resultats definitius del referèndum de l’1 d’octubre al Parlament de Catalunya (Generalitat de Catalunya, 6 October 2017) link, press release, signatories. Government perspective or primary official source Source record Identifies Junqueras as vice-president in October 2017.
  35. 35.

    Claim: On 22 June 2021 the Spanish government pardoned Junqueras’s outstanding prison sentence, on condition that he commit no serious offence for six years; the partial pardons did not cover the disqualification penalties.

    • Real Decreto 460/2021, de 22 de junio, por el que se indulta a don Oriol Junqueras i Vies (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 23 June 2021) link, operative part. Source record
    • Consejo General del Poder Judicial, El TS condena a Junqueras, Romeva, Turull y Bassa por desobediencia en concurso con malversación y mantiene sus penas de inhabilitación absoluta (Poder Judicial España, 13 February 2023) link, first paragraph. Source record
  36. 36.

    Claim: After a 2022 Criminal Code reform repealed sedition, the Supreme Court in February 2023 re-classified the 2019 convictions, keeping disqualification for misuse of public funds for Junqueras, Bassa, Turull and Romeva until 2030–2031 and ending it for five others.

    • Consejo General del Poder Judicial, El TS condena a Junqueras, Romeva, Turull y Bassa por desobediencia en concurso con malversación y mantiene sus penas de inhabilitación absoluta (Poder Judicial España, 13 February 2023) link, summary and first paragraphs. Source record
  37. 37.

    Claim: The Supreme Court warned that the reform left secession processes without violence or intimidation unpunished. Attributed to Tribunal Supremo (order of February 2023)

    • Consejo General del Poder Judicial, El TS condena a Junqueras, Romeva, Turull y Bassa por desobediencia en concurso con malversación y mantiene sus penas de inhabilitación absoluta (Poder Judicial España, 13 February 2023) link, summary. Source record
  38. 38.

    Claim: An amnesty law of 10 June 2024 covers acts linked to the 2014 consultation and the 2017 referendum, and to the independence process, carried out between 1 November 2011 and 13 November 2023.

    • Ley Orgánica 1/2024, de 10 de junio, de amnistía para la normalización institucional, política y social en Cataluña (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 11 June 2024) link, preamble; art. 1.1. Source record
  39. 39.

    Claim: On 26 June 2025 the Constitutional Court upheld most of the amnesty law, declaring article 1.1 unconstitutional only to the extent set out in its reasoning and annulling the second paragraph of article 1.3; several judges dissented.

    • Tribunal Constitucional, Sentencia 137/2025, de 26 de junio de 2025 (Ley Orgánica 1/2024 de amnistía) (Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 31 July 2025) link, Fallo; dissenting opinions. Source record
  40. 40.

    Claim: On 16 July 2026 the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in two judgments that the amnesty law is not contrary to EU law, while holding that its two-month deadline cannot stop national courts waiting for an EU ruling. Attributed to Catalan News report of the judgments

    • Catalan News, EU top court backs Spain’s amnesty law for Catalan independence push (Catalan News (Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals), 16 July 2026) link, article text. Source record
  41. 41.

    Claim: In September 2026 the application of the amnesty to members of the 2017 government, including Carles Puigdemont, still depended on the Constitutional Court’s rulings on appeals concerning misuse of public funds; deliberation on Jordi Turull’s appeal was due to begin on 22 September. Attributed to Ara, citing court sources

    • Ara, Llarena opens up to lifting the arrest warrant for Puigdemont with the first Constitutional Court ruling on embezzlement (Ara (English edition), 10 September 2026) link, article text. Source record
  42. 42.

    Claim: On 8 August 2024 the Parliament of Catalonia invested Salvador Illa (PSC) as president by 68 votes (PSC, ERC and Comuns) to 66 (Junts, PP, Vox, CUP and Aliança Catalana).

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament investeix Salvador Illa president de la Generalitat (Parlament de Catalunya, 8 August 2024) link, first paragraph. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  43. 43.

    Claim: Since the Parliament was restored the presidents of the Generalitat have included Artur Mas (2010–2015), Carles Puigdemont (2016–2017), Quim Torra (2018–2020) and Pere Aragonès (elected 2021).

    • Parlament de Catalunya, El Parlament investeix Salvador Illa president de la Generalitat (Parlament de Catalunya, 8 August 2024) link, closing paragraphs. Government perspective or primary official source Source record
  44. 44.

    Claim: The Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió barometer published on 9 July 2026 found 45% in favour of independence and 51% against, the highest support since February 2020; 36% said an independent state was the best option for Catalonia. Attributed to Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió, as reported by Nació Digital

    • Nació Digital, El suport a la independència revifa: en el punt més alt des de la sentència del procés (Nació Digital, 9 July 2026) link, article text. Source record
  45. 45.

    Claim: Demonstrations for 11 September 2026 in Barcelona, Girona and Amposta were called by the Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, the Association of Municipalities for Independence, the Consell de la República, the Intersindical and CIEMEN under a slogan ending “Independència”, with the Barcelona march set to start at 17.14 to recall the events of 1714.

    • Betevé, Diada 2026 a Catalunya i manifestació de l’11 de setembre a Barcelona: recorregut i horaris (Betevé, 10 September 2026) link, article text. Source record

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