Dated events associated with this case. Each event is a shared record: the same event appears identically wherever it is relevant.
· Administrative change
King John VI returned to Portugal in February 1821, leaving his son Pedro as regent of Brazil; when the Portuguese Côrtes demanded in January 1822 that Pedro also return, he refused, precipitating the crisis that led to the September 1822 proclamation of independence.
Significance here: The political background from which the Cry of Ipiranga emerged.
· Conflict episode
Portuguese garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina, Maranhão and Pará resisted Brazilian sovereignty until 1823-24; published casualty estimates for the war vary, ranging from roughly 3,000 to over 6,000 dead.
Significance here: The armed conflict by which Brazilian sovereignty was extended to provinces that resisted independence.
· Declaration
Prince Regent Pedro proclaimed Brazilian independence from Portugal on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook near São Paulo on 7 September 1822, becoming Emperor Pedro I the following month.
Significance here: The founding proclamation of Brazilian independence from Portugal, though full recognition followed only after the subsequent War of Independence.
· Agreement
Portugal formally recognised Brazil as an independent empire in the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, signed 29 August 1825 and entering into force that November, following British mediation.
Significance here: Portugal's formal, negotiated recognition of Brazilian independence, mediated by the United Kingdom.
Dates show their real precision. Approximate or uncertain dates are labelled and never converted into an exact day.