Covers Pedro's 1821-22 regency crisis, the 7 September 1822 proclamation of independence, the 1822-1824 Brazilian War of Independence (with disputed casualty figures), and the 1825 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro. It does not cover the treaty's other provisions beyond Article 1.
King John VI returned to Portugal in February 1821, leaving his son Pedro as regent of Brazil; when the Portuguese Côrtes demanded in January 1822 that Pedro also return, he refused, precipitating a crisis.[1] Prince Regent Pedro proclaimed Brazilian independence from Portugal on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook on 7 September 1822, in what became known as the "Cry of Ipiranga."[2] Pedro became Emperor of the newly independent Empire of Brazil the following month. Portuguese garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina, Maranhão and Pará resisted the new government until 1823-24; published casualty estimates for the resulting war vary from roughly 3,000 to over 6,000 dead.[3] Portugal did not recognise the 1822 proclamation until, following British-mediated negotiations, it signed the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro on 29 August 1825, under which "His Most Faithful Majesty recognizes Brazil in the category of independent Empire and separated from the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves."[4] The treaty entered into force on 15 November 1825.[4]
Status verified as of
Brazil has been an independent, sovereign state since 1822 (formally recognised by Portugal in 1825).[4]
History
From the 1822 Cry of Ipiranga to Portugal's formal recognition of Brazilian independence in the 1825 Treaty of Rio de Janeiro.
153 words · 1 min read
· Administrative change
King John VI returned to Portugal in February 1821, leaving his son Pedro as regent of Brazil; when the Portuguese Côrtes demanded in January 1822 that Pedro also return, he refused, precipitating the crisis that led to the September 1822 proclamation of independence.
Significance here: The political background from which the Cry of Ipiranga emerged.
· Conflict episode
Portuguese garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina, Maranhão and Pará resisted Brazilian sovereignty until 1823-24; published casualty estimates for the war vary, ranging from roughly 3,000 to over 6,000 dead.
Significance here: The armed conflict by which Brazilian sovereignty was extended to provinces that resisted independence.
· Declaration
Prince Regent Pedro proclaimed Brazilian independence from Portugal on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook near São Paulo on 7 September 1822, becoming Emperor Pedro I the following month.
Significance here: The founding proclamation of Brazilian independence from Portugal, though full recognition followed only after the subsequent War of Independence.
· Agreement
Portugal formally recognised Brazil as an independent empire in the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, signed 29 August 1825 and entering into force that November, following British mediation.
Significance here: Portugal's formal, negotiated recognition of Brazilian independence, mediated by the United Kingdom.
Each number marks a specific claim. Notes give the source, its locator and how it relates to the claim.
Claim: In February 1821, after thirteen years in Brazil, King John VI sailed back to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro, heir to the Portuguese throne, as regent of Brazil. When the Portuguese Côrtes insisted in January 1822 that Pedro also return to Europe, he refused, a moment later commemorated as the "Dia do Fico"; the resulting tensions between Brazil and the Lisbon government culminated in Pedro's proclamation of independence in September 1822.
Claim: On 7 September 1822, Prince Regent Pedro proclaimed Brazilian independence on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook near São Paulo, having just received a letter from Portugal ordering his return and submission; the proclamation became known as the "Cry of Ipiranga," including the phrase "Independence or Death!" Pedro became the first Emperor of the Empire of Brazil on 12 October 1822.
Claim: Following the September 1822 proclamation of independence, Portuguese garrisons in Bahia, Cisplatina, Maranhão and Pará resisted the new Brazilian government until 1823-24. Published casualty estimates for the resulting war vary: one tally cites 3,000-5,000 Brazilian dead, while a separate estimate drawn from contemporary battle reports places total deaths at roughly 5,700-6,200; no single figure is treated as authoritative.
Claim: Following British-mediated negotiations, Portugal and Brazil signed the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro on 29 August 1825. Article 1 provided: "His Most Faithful Majesty recognizes Brazil in the category of independent Empire and separated from the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarves." The treaty was ratified by Brazil on 24 August 1825 and by Portugal on 15 November 1825, entering into force on the latter date.