History of San Andrés and Providencia / Raizal self-determination

Sources for this page

Each number marks a specific claim. Notes give the source, its locator and how it relates to the claim.

1. 1.

   Claim: The Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination (AMEN-SD) was founded in March 1999 as a merger of several earlier Raizal organisations (including San Andres Islands Solution, Barrack New Face, Sons of the Soil, the Independent Farmers United National Association, the Ketleena National Association, Just Cause Foundation, and Cove Alliance); led by Rev. Raymond Howard Britton, AMEN-SD has sought the creation of an independent Raizal state, organised around three principles: self-determination, sustainable development, and reparation.

   • Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination (Wikipedia) link, Founding, leadership and goals section. Source record
2. 2.

   Claim: On 19 November 2012, the International Court of Justice ruled in the Nicaragua v. Colombia maritime-delimitation case, reducing Colombian jurisdiction over waters surrounding the San Andrés archipelago beyond 12 nautical miles in favour of Nicaragua; in response, AMEN-SD protested before the Colombian Congress and proposed holding a self-determination referendum, and Raizal activism more broadly spans a spectrum from calls for increased autonomy within Colombia to demands for full independence, with AMEN-SD situated at the independence-seeking end.

   • Raizal (Wikipedia) link, 2012 ICJ ruling and Raizal activism spectrum section. Source record