Dated events associated with this case. Each event is a shared record: the same event appears identically wherever it is relevant.
· Conflict episode
An uprising of enslaved people beginning in August 1791, led at various stages by figures including Toussaint Louverture, developed into a war for independence against France; published casualty estimates vary widely, with figures cited between roughly 200,000 and 350,000 total deaths.
Significance here: The revolutionary war whose success produced the 1804 declaration of independence.
· Declaration
Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaimed Haitian independence from France at Gonaïves on 1 January 1804, following the Haitian Revolution, with assembled generals swearing to renounce France forever.
Significance here: The founding declaration of Haiti, the first state to abolish slavery and achieve independence through a successful large-scale slave revolt.
· Conflict episode
Between early February and 22 April 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines ordered the killing of the remaining white population of Haiti.
Significance here: A violent episode in the months immediately following independence, ordered by the head of state.
· Agreement
King Charles X of France issued a Royal Ordinance on 17 April 1825 granting Haiti "full independence" of its government in exchange for a 150-million-franc indemnity to former French colonists, backed by a French naval squadron.
Significance here: France's formal, though financially coerced, recognition of Haitian independence, more than two decades after the 1804 declaration.
Dates show their real precision. Approximate or uncertain dates are labelled and never converted into an exact day.