Historical independence
Aceh
From the 1976 founding of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the resulting insurgency, through the 2004 tsunami's catalytic effect, to the 2005 Helsinki Agreement under which GAM abandoned independence for self-government.
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22 published cases matching East Asia.
Historical independence
From the 1976 founding of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the resulting insurgency, through the 2004 tsunami's catalytic effect, to the 2005 Helsinki Agreement under which GAM abandoned independence for self-government.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the 1988 founding of the CNF and its ceasefire history, through post-2021 coup resurgence and territorial gains, to the December 2023 Chinland Council and February 2024 interim government.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the CPLA insurgency and the 1986 Mount Data Peace Accord, through the 1987 constitutional provision for Cordillera autonomy, to the failed 1990 and 1998 autonomy plebiscites.
Independence movements
From the two short-lived 20th-century East Turkestan Republics to the 2022 UN OHCHR assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Independence movements
From the 1961-1975 Secret War in Laos, through the post-1975 Chao Fa resistance movement, to the 2020 UN Special Rapporteurs' letter of concern on the ChaoFa Hmong community.
Political status and decolonisation
From the 1997 handover and "One Country, Two Systems" framework, through the 2014 Umbrella Movement and 2019-2020 protests, to the 2020 National Security Law and 2024 Article 23 legislation.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the KIA's 1961 founding and 1994-2011 ceasefire, through the KIO's 1975 shift to a federalism demand, to the post-2021 coup military campaign and territorial gains.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the KNU's 1949 declaration of war and 1976 shift to a federalism demand, to its post-2021 coup alliance with Myanmar's National Unity Government.
Independence movements
From the 1948 assassination of U Bee Htu Re and the resulting uprising, through the KNPP's 1957-2012 armed campaign, to the post-2021 coup Karenni Nationalities Defence Force.
Independence movements
From the disputed 1949 transfer of Kampuchea Krom to Vietnam, to the 1985 founding and ongoing international advocacy of the Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the MNLF's 1972 founding and the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, through the MILF's split and campaign, to the 2019 Bangsamoro Organic Law plebiscite establishing the BARMM and the subsequent parliamentary election process.
Independence movements
From the founding of the BRN and PULO and their armed campaigns for an independent Patani, to the Malaysia-facilitated peace dialogue process running from 2013 into 2026.
Independence movements
From the 1967 Arakan Liberation Party, through the 2009 founding of the Arakan Army and its 2016 political wing the ULA, to the AA's extensive 2024-2025 territorial control of Rakhine State amid Myanmar's civil war.
Historical independence
From the 1999 founding of the Free Riau Movement and its resource-grievance driven proposals, to the movement's effective end following founder Tabrani Rab's 2022 death.
Independence movements
From the 1879 Japanese annexation of the Ryukyu Kingdom, through post-war US administration and 1972 reversion, to the modern, numerically small Kariyushi Club independence movement.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the 1958 expiry of a constitutional secession clause and the resulting armed movement, through the 1964 Shan State Army and 2000 RCSS foundings, to the current split between ceasefire-signatory and non-signatory Shan factions.
Historical independence
From the 1950 declaration of the Republic of South Maluku and its 1950-1963 armed resistance, to the 1966 formation of a government-in-exile in the Netherlands that continues today.
Independence movements
From the 1925 Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and the 1947 Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government, to the diaspora-based Inner Mongolian People's Party and the 2020 language-policy protests.
Political status and decolonisation
From the 1949 relocation of the Republic of China government and the competing One China claims, through the 1971 UN seat transfer, to the current cross-strait status quo under President Lai Ching-te.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the disputed 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement and the 1959 uprising and Dalai Lama's exile, to the Central Tibetan Administration's Middle Way Approach, which does not itself seek independence.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the UWSA's 1989 founding and its administration of "Special Region 2," through the 2009 declared Wa State Special Administrative Region, to its cautious post-2021 coup neutrality amid significant Chinese influence.
Independence movements
From the 1961 declaration of independence and the disputed 1969 Act of Free Choice, through the OPM's armed campaign, to the ULMWP's diplomatic organising and regional recognition.