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15 published cases matching East Africa and the Horn.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
Focused on Ethiopia-based Afar organisations — the ALF (founded 1975) and ARDUF (founded 1993) — and their stated goal of Afar unification within an autonomous Ethiopian region, rather than a broader pan-Afar independence claim spanning Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti.
Historical independence
From the 1997 declaration of the State of Anjouan and its 2001 Fomboni Agreement resolution, to Mohamed Bacar's 2007 renewed secession and its ending by a February 2008 military intervention.
Historical independence
The Comoros' path from French colonial administration through a December 1974 archipelago-wide referendum, a unilateral declaration of independence in July 1975, and UN admission that November — accompanied by a dispute over Mayotte, whose voters rejected independence.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From the 2003 SLM/JEM rebellion seeking greater Darfuri autonomy, through the 2005 ICC referral and 2011 Doha Document, to the region's status amid the active 2023-present Sudanese civil war.
Historical independence
Djibouti's path from French colonial administration through UN calls for independence, a May 1977 referendum, and independence from France the following month.
Historical independence
Eritrea's path from Italian and British colonial rule through federation with and annexation by Ethiopia, a thirty-year armed independence struggle, the 1993 UN-verified referendum, and post-independence relations with Ethiopia including the 1998–2000 border war.
Historical independence
Kenya's independence from the United Kingdom on 12 December 1963, followed by UN admission four days later.
Historical independence
Madagascar's transition from self-governing republic to full sovereign independence on 26 June 1960, and its UN admission that September.
Historical independence
Mauritius's independence from the United Kingdom on 12 March 1968, followed by UN admission six weeks later.
Independence movements
From the ONLF's 1984 founding and initial 1991-1994 pursuit of federal autonomy, through its 1994 shift to insurgency, to the 2018 peace agreement and its 2024-2025 reassessment amid unmet commitments.
Independence movements
From the OLF's 1973 founding and 2018 peace agreement, through the OLA's 2020 split and insurgency, to the partial December 2024 peace agreement with one OLA faction.
Political status and decolonisation
From the brief 1960 independence and union with Somalia, through the 1991 renewed declaration of independence and unrecognized de facto statehood, to the disputed 2024 Ethiopia-Somaliland MOU and its diplomatic fallout.
Historical independence
South Sudan's path from the 1983–2005 second Sudanese civil war and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement through the January 2011 self-determination referendum to independence, UN membership, and the 2013–2018 civil war.
Political status and decolonisation
From the TPLF's 1975 founding (seeking to overthrow Ethiopia's government, not Tigrayan independence) and its 1991-2020 federal dominance, through the 2020-2022 Tigray War and Pretoria Agreement, to the 2024-2026 TPLF factional dispute over Tigray's interim administration.
Autonomy and Indigenous self-government
From Zanzibar's 1963 independence and 1964 union with Tanganyika, through the erosion of its promised autonomy by 1977, to the distinct autonomist (CUF, ACT-Wazalendo) and independence-seeking (Uamsho) contemporary movements.