Every published case hub, across all collections. Collections are navigation groupings, not legal categories; one case can appear in several but has one page.
35 published cases matching Europe.
Independence movements
Åland
The Åland Islands' self-government within Finland, from the 1919 plebiscite for union with Sweden and the League of Nations' 1921 settlement to the current 1991 Autonomy Act and the marginal position of the pro-independence Ålands Framtid party.
Independence movements
Euskadi
The Basque Country's self-government within Spain since the 1979 Statute of Gernika, the end of ETA's armed campaign (2011-2018), and the consolidation of EH Bildu as a major electoral force alongside the PNV through the 2024 election.
Independence movements
Bayern
Bavarian autonomist and independence politics, from the Bavaria Party's 1946 founding and its brief 1950s electoral peak and coalition role, to the Federal Constitutional Court's 2016 ruling that German states cannot secede.
Independence movements
Breizh
Brittany's modern regionalist and autonomist movement, centred on the 1941 administrative split from Loire-Atlantique, the reunification campaign, and parties ranging from the UDB's federal autonomism to the Breton Party's openness to independence.
Independence movements
Catalunya
Catalonia’s self-government and independence movement: historic institutions, the 2006 Statute dispute, the 2014 and 2017 votes, their legal treatment, and the amnesty that followed.
Independence movements
Kernow
Cornwall's modern national-minority recognition and devolution politics, from Mebyon Kernow's 1951 founding, through the UK Government's 2014 recognition of the Cornish as a national minority, to the 2023 Level Two devolution deal.
Independence movements
Corsica
Corsican autonomy politics from the narrowly rejected 2003 referendum and the FLNC's 2014 ceasefire, through the 2022 unrest after Yvan Colonna's death, to the June 2026 National Assembly vote for a constitutional autonomy statute and its pending, uncertain Senate passage.
Historical independence
The establishment of the Republic of Cyprus on 16 August 1960, following the Zurich and London Agreements, and its UN admission that September.
Historical independence
From the 1918 Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia, through decades of Soviet annexation and occupation, to the restoration of independence in August 1991 and UN admission that September.
Independence movements
Føroyar
The Faroe Islands' self-government within the Kingdom of Denmark, from a disputed 1946 independence referendum to the 1948 Home Rule Act, the 2005 Takeover Act, a cancelled 2001 referendum, and the current position of the pro-independence Republic party.
Historical independence
Finland's declaration of independence from Russia in December 1917, amid the Russian Revolution, followed within weeks by Soviet Russian recognition.
Independence movements
Vlaanderen
Flemish self-government within federal Belgium, the confederalist and independence positions of N-VA and Vlaams Belang, the 2010–2011 government formation crisis, and Bart De Wever's 2025 premiership.
Independence movements
Fryslân
The Frisian regionalist and autonomist movement in the Netherlands, centred on the Frisian National Party's federalist programme and Frisian-language recognition, alongside a small, distinct minority current advocating full independence.
Independence movements
Galiza
Galician self-government within Spain, from the 1936 and 1980 autonomy referendums to the Galician Nationalist Bloc's (BNG) shifting position on independence and its result at the 2024 regional election.
Independence movements
Gibraltar's status as a British Overseas Territory contested by Spain, from the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht through the overwhelming 1967 and 2002 referendums in favour of remaining British, to the 2026 treaty removing the Spain-Gibraltar border while explicitly preserving British sovereignty.
Historical independence
From the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921, through the Irish Free State's establishment in December 1922, to the declaration of a republic taking effect in April 1949.
Independence movements
Kosovo's path from UN Security Council Resolution 1244's 1999 interim administration, through its 2008 unilateral declaration of independence and the ICJ's 2010 advisory opinion, to the ongoing EU-facilitated Belgrade-Pristina normalisation process and partial international recognition.
Historical independence
From the 1918 declaration of independence, through decades of Soviet annexation and occupation, to the restoration of independence in August 1991 and UN admission that September.
Historical independence
From the 1918 Act of Independence, through decades of Soviet annexation and occupation, to the March 1990 restoration of independence — the first among the Soviet constituent republics — and UN admission in September 1991.
Historical independence
Malta's independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1964, followed by UN admission that December.
Historical independence
Montenegro's path from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro through an EU-mediated referendum framework, a May 2006 independence referendum, and independence and UN membership the following month.
Independence movements
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus's unrecognised statehood since its 1983 declaration, the UN Security Council's non-recognition resolutions, the failed 2004 Annan Plan reunification referendums, and the 2025 election of a reunification-supporting president.
Independence movements
Northern Ireland's constitutional status within the United Kingdom under the Good Friday Agreement's consent principle and border poll mechanism, from the 2022 Assembly election and 2023 Windsor Framework to Michelle O'Neill's 2024 appointment as the first nationalist First Minister and current polling on Irish unification.
Historical independence
The 1905 dissolution of the personal union between Norway and Sweden, from the Storting's 7 June Declaration through an overwhelming referendum to Swedish recognition that October.